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Contra el zoológico

[Amado de Mérici] [El zoológico es una macabra e inútil institución, en todo similar a una cárcel o a un hospital psiquiátrico, donde los animales capturados pueden enloquecer de por vida. Urge su abolición.]

El 27 de septiembre pasado en uno de los telediarios del canal Chilevisión se anunció la llegada al país, desde Pretoria, Suráfrica, de tres jirafas. La presentadora se deshizo en elogios por la reciente adquisición del Buin Zoo, un zoológico privado que según su dueño y director, Ignacio Idalsoaga, es el más grande de Chile. Según se desprende de las palabras de la presentadora, la adquisición era un anhelado sueño de su director y del público visitante.

El principal motivo de la compra, se lee en una nota en La Cuarta ese mismo día, es la posterior exhibición pública de los animales en un recinto especialmente habilitado, una suerte de reproducción de una sabana africana, de tres hectáreas, donde los animales podrán ser divisados desde miradores. El proyecto se titula ´Sabana africana´, e incluirá en su perímetro, aparte jirafas, a cebras, gacelas y otros mamíferos herbívoros,  y a avestruces, gallinetas y otras especies.1 Como el zoológico del padrino colombiano Pablo Escobar en Medellín, este recinto chileno aparentemente no incluirá a especies depredadoras.
La presentadora no escatima recursos lingüísticos e ideológicos para aprobar y celebrar la compra y futura exhibición de los animales. “Darán la bienvenida a miles de visitantes”, anuncia. “Las nuevas reinas del Buin Zoo”, dice sonriendo, describiéndolas.
Se trata de dos hembras y un macho, todos juveniles, de una estatura promedio de 2,6 metros. Teniendo las jirafas cerca de dos metros de altura al nacer, estas tres no tienen, pues, más de ocho meses, y eso quiere decir que fueron destetadas anticipadamente (en su crianza natural el destete ocurre al año y medio). Nada se dice sobre sus familias previas. Las tres pertenecen probablemente a tres familias animales diferentes, pues el periodo de gestación de las jirafas toma y año y medio. Si tienen todas más o menos la misma edad, eso quiere decir que tienen todas madres diferentes. Tampoco se dice nada sobre sus madres, y es una omisión lamentable. Ocurre a veces que las madres mueren, o son matadas, durante la cacería.
De modo que las nuevas reinas de la gran familia son en realidad probablemente sobrevivientes de una matanza que dejó en África a sus madres, las que serán reemplazadas por enormes biberones sin vida, rellenos con líquidos que no son la leche materna que todavía necesitan. Las tres jirafas están así condenadas a un cautiverio que difícilmente será feliz, esclavas de los humanos, desoladas, desterradas y encerradas de por vida para divertir a los miembros de una especie violenta y bruta que tiene por diversión el espectáculo de animales reducidos a cautiverio. Y cuando el jefe del campo –habitualmente un veterinario- decida que su valor como espectáculo ya es muy reducido, el animal terminará en la mesa de torturas y experimentos de algún universitario en formación, o como comida de los carnívoros del recinto.
Muchos parecen creer que este estado de cosas es normal y útil, y que el asesinato de las madres y la captura y cautiverio de los cachorros se justifica por el espectáculo que brindará, entre otros, a los cachorros humanos. Muchos justifican estas violencias contra los animales movidos por la creencia de que los animales no sufren o no son capaces de recordar, y que los daños que se les causaría se compensan ampliamente con un cautiverio que se empeñan en considerar como destino natural de muchos. Muchos suponen que los animales derechamente no perciben como nosotros, y que el asesinato de sus madres y su secuestro y encierro no los ven como tal o no de la manera más dramática que creeríamos propia. En suma, que no son conscientes de nada de lo que les ocurre y que no se comete ningún delito ni pecado si se les somete a esclavitud.
¿Qué concepto de familia tienen esas personas que primero destruyen la familia natural de los animales capturados para someterlos a cautiverio y encerrarlos,  y luego integrarlos en una estructura social lejana a los órdenes familiares y que se asemeja muchísimo más a un campo de concentración o a una cárcel? ¿Cómo se puede llegar a tales extremos de manipulación ideológica? ¿En qué orden mental es una cárcel una familia? ¿Y en qué orden mental es la adquisición o captura y cautiverio de una persona motivo de jolgorio y alabanzas? ¿En qué esquema conceptual se llama reinas a las esclavas?

2
Es asombroso que después de todo el conocimiento acumulado sobre los animales, especialmente mamíferos, continuemos con el espantoso cautiverio que representa el zoológico. Todos sabemos que, en lo esencial, los mamíferos son en todo como nosotros, y esta simple constatación debería haber sido suficiente para poner fin a esta cruel y estúpida práctica. Los animales (me refiero especialmente a los mamíferos) poseen cultura y viven en sociedad. Lo primero quiere decir
que nacen desprovistos de las herramientas conceptuales que les permitirán sobrevivir en un entorno habitualmente hostil. Como los humanos, deben ser criados, enseñados y educados, al tiempo que se les brindan los cuidados necesarios para sobrevivir. Poseen lenguaje, que transmiten a sus descendientes, como hacemos nosotros. Viven en sociedad inmersos en estructuras sociales similares a las nuestras, en familias, e incluso con códigos de parentesco. Para un mamífero, el concepto madre tiene el mismo sentido que entre humanos.
También son cada uno de los miembros de una familia animal individuos con personalidades claramente discernibles y diferenciadas. No son muñecos intercambiables, como productos de una serie, y son, como nosotros, únicos e irremplazables, cada uno con sus inclinaciones y preferencias y modos específicos para expresar dolor o alegría, gratitud o temor, afecto o enfado, curiosidad o indiferencia, y comidas preferidas. Tan reconocida es la vida afectiva de un mamífero que hoy en día cuentan con sus propios psicólogos y comunicadores animales.
(Aberrantemente llevamos al jíbaro a nuestras mascotas para cosas como, por ejemplo, quitarles el miedo a quedarse solas en casa, pero no reconocemos la misma dimensión psicológica a los animales exóticos ni a los animales de granja).
Obviamente tienen memoria y, como nosotros, también se inscriben sus vidas en interpretaciones de la historia. Tienen pasado, que no olvidan, y un modo de reconocer, interpretar y utilizar ese pasado para determinar relaciones, tanto con otras especies como con humanos, fijar rutas y construir territorios. ¿Es nuestra idea de la historia diferente en algún sentido substantivo? No lo creo. Sus territorios, para nombrar un aspecto fundamental, se definen según el  criterio de primera ocupación, que es el mismo que aplicamos los humanos para definir propiedades.
Además de todo esto, todos los mamíferos compartimos un mismo código de conducta y un código moral, y somos todos capaces de empatía. De hecho, el proceso de domesticación se basa precisamente en que compartimos esos códigos. La reciprocidad, por ejemplo, es la base de su vida social, lo mismo que está en la base de la domesticación.
Todos conocemos alguna historia de humanos que han sido rescatados o adoptados por animales, cuando los cachorros humanos se extravían o son abandonados a su suerte en sitios desolados o remotos. Se conocen muchos casos de niños que han sido rescatados, alimentados, protegidos y criados por lobos y otras especies. ¿No indican estos casos que compartimos el precepto moral de no matar a los cachorros, aunque sean de otras especies, y encargarnos de ellos y criarlos como si fuesen crías propias en virtud de su indefensión?2 ¿No muestran estos casos que esos animales son capaces de ponerse en el lugar del otro y actuar para evitarles dolores y penurias?
Sin embargo, todo este conocimiento lo utilizamos no para definir un nuevo tipo de relación con los animales, sino para perfeccionar nuestras técnicas de sometimiento. Y nos justificamos en la ahora aberrante idea de que necesitamos hacerlo, de que de algún modo la tortura, el sometimiento, la esclavitud, el cautiverio de los animales y su utilización como alimento o materia prima o su uso en la mesa de tortura de un veterinario o para diversión de los pequeños son cosas buenas. Y algunos en nuestras sociedades llegan al extremo de encontrar chic matar a algún animal para colgarse su rabo al cuello. O tormentos peores, como el caso recientemente denunciado de las granjas de bilis de China, donde osos hacinados en pequeñísimas jaulas que no les permiten ni siquiera ponerse de pie, son sometidos a espantosas torturas para extraerles bilis, insertándoles un catéter a través de la carne, atravesando su abdomen, para llegar hasta la vesícula biliar, de donde se extrae su bilis gota a gota en medio de indecibles dolores hasta su muerte. Y todo esto, según se imaginan, y conciben como justificación legítima, para combatir la impotencia sexual masculina.

¿Qué nos lleva, pues, a minimizar, relativizar y finalmente negar o desdeñar todo el inmenso dolor que se le causa a una familia animal cuando cazamos o matamos a sus miembros, para secuestrar a los pequeños y someterlos a cautiverio y esclavitud y posteriormente sacrificarlos violentamente en la mesa de operaciones de algún veterinario o como alimento de otros animales, o de nosotros mismos? ¿Por qué nos parece inaceptable que se destruya a una familia humana para secuestrar y esclavizar a sus críos, pero perfectamente legítimo someter a esclavitud y muerte a familias animales?3

3
La historia del zoológico ha sido siempre una historia de terror, fundado en la muerte, captura, encierro y esclavitud de los animales, incluyendo el zoológico persa o paraíso, un extenso recinto amurallado que incluía especies habitualmente hostiles a las que se sometía a métodos de acondicionamiento que permitían que convivieran en paz, “donde el león y el cordero debían vivir pacíficamente, lado a lado”, según escribe Ellenberger4. No he logrado encontrar más información online sobre este paraíso persa. Se parece en algo al zoológico de Pablo Escobar, en el que no se incluía a animales predadores. Pese a su propósito aparentemente noble (”regenerar a la humanidad”, según Ellenberger), el paraíso debe haber supuesto igualmente la captura probablemente violenta de los animales y su posterior e indefinido cautiverio.
Pero de ahí en adelante, el zoológico ha sido una institución de corte imperial en muchos sentidos y, como la escritura y la cárcel, está íntimamente asociado al poder y a su ostentación y su mera mención trae a la memoria imágenes de torturas y otras formas de violencia, sometimiento, cautiverio, humillación y esclavitud. En los vivarium romanos se podía encontrar a todas las bestias feroces y menos feroces destinadas a morir en los juegos, así como eventualmente a cristianos y esclavos humanos. Durante la Edad Media europea los nobles mantenían animales en sus castillos, en calabozos más que en jaulas. El zoológico azteca incluía a enanos, albinos y jorobados, y una extensa serie de otras personas deformes. En los zoológicos privados de algunos dictadores latinoamericanos se podía encontrar encerrados a adversarios políticos, con que eran alimentados los leones.5
La relación entre el zoológico y la cárcel es evidente. La esclavitud de animales y humanos considerados inferiores o enemigos obedece a los mismos motivos e intereses y se inscribe en la misma configuración ideológica. Las culturas occidentales en realidad llegaron a tener zoológicos humanos, esos símbolos, según Blanchard, Bancel y Lemaire, “del periodo colonial y la transición del siglo diecinueve al veinte [que] […], han sido suprimidos completamente de nuestra historia y memoria colectiva. Sin embargo, eran acontecimientos sociales importantes. Millones de franceses, los europeos y los estadounidenses vieron por primera vez a un ‘salvaje’ en zoológicos y en ferias ‘etnográficas’ y coloniales”.
En el corazón de la moderna civilización occidental, en la Francia republicana hasta entrado el siglo veinte, se exhibía a seres humanos para ilustración y diversión de los retoños de los ideólogos de la libertad, la igualdad y la fraternidad. Empresarios y funcionarios coloniales llevaban a Europa a personas de razas y culturas diferentes del mundo, a menudo secuestradas, para ser exhibidas en ferias y circos. “Los visitantes arrojaban comida a los grupos exhibidos y hacían observaciones sobre las fisionomías de sus miembros, comparándolos con los primates. Esa era la realidad de los zoológicos humanos durante el cambio de siglo”.
Sin embargo, normalmente, animales y hombres terminan por razones diferentes en estos recintos de cautiverio. Quienes encierran a humanos en cárceles aducen siempre motivos relativamente atendibles: se trata de personas que han delinquido, o que las autoridades (vale decir, quienes detentan el poder y el monopolio de las armas y la violencia) consideran un peligro para sí mismas o para la sociedad.
Los humanos suelen saber por qué se les encarcela y muchos de ellos saben que algún día, de sobrevivir el encierro, volverán a vivir como hombres libres. (Obviamente, no siempre es así. Algunas dictaduras y gobiernos autoritarios encierran al azar a ciudadanos simplemente para demostrar su poder e infundir terror. Muchos inocentes encarcelados, como los animales, tampoco vuelven a ver la luz, o son asesinados –como en la Alemania nazi, en la Rusia comunista, en la dictadura fascista de Franco, en las tiranías latinoamericanas).
A los animales, en cambio, se les encierra en zoológicos sin motivo alguno humanamente atendible, excepto que pueden divertirnos. Y nos divierte el mero hecho de tenerlos cautivos y las humillaciones a las que podemos someterlos. En el pasado, y hoy en día en muchos lugares, a los animales, además de encerrarlos, se los adiestra forzosamente para que ejecuten espectáculos llamados artísticos, y que sólo repiten tras horrendos y permanentes maltratos, como en los circos. Todavía en algunos lugares se alimenta a algunos animales a ciertas horas fijas para que los visitantes puedan disfrutar del espectáculo de ver a una serpiente devorar a ratones vivos que han introducido los guardas en sus jaulas, o leones conejos, e incluso se otorgan permisos especiales para verlos aparear.6
Los animales condenados al cautiverio no vuelven nunca a su lugar de origen. Y al final del camino sólo les espera la muerte, sea que terminen como material de médicos veterinarios, o sacrificados para que sirvan de alimento a los otros residentes del mismo zoológico.

4
Ellenberger, en un ensayo publicado en 1974, comparó el zoológico con el manicomio y otras formas de reclusión. En la Europa del siglo diecisiete la institución psiquiátrica era concebida en términos muy similares al zoológico. Ambas instituciones eran lugares de encierro cuyos residentes debían divertir al público visitante. Recién en el siglo diecinueve se terminó con la exhibición pública de los pacientes psiquiátricos. Independientemente de los motivos diversos de reclusión de animales y pacientes psiquiátricos (y reos, deberíamos agregar, pues entonces también se permitía la exhibición de los condenados),
ambos eran expuestos al público, al que además se suponía que debían divertir. En el Hospital Bedlam, de Londres, se podían observar situaciones como la siguiente, según la investigación de Daniel Hack Tuke sobre la historia de la demencia en Inglaterra:

“A cada lado del portal había una columna coronada por la estatua de la Locura personificada por una cabeza haciendo muecas, como podría hoy un elefante esculpido decorar la entrada de un zoológico. De acuerdo a Robert Reed, las visitas dominicales al Hospital Bedlam era una de las grandes atracciones londinenses. Se calcula que durante la mayor parte del siglo dieciocho, Bedlam recibió un promedio de trescientos  visitantes al día. […] El dinero pagado por los visitantes al entrar constituía la más importante fuente de ingresos del asilo. El visitante, después de entregar su espada en el vestíbulo, tenía derecho a recorrer todos los pabellones, entrar a todas las salas, hablar con los pacientes y burlarse de ellos. A cambio de sus respuestas, podía dar algo de comer a los pacientes, pudiendo inclusive ofrecerles alcohol para estimularlos. Un grabado de Hogarth muestra a un degenerado en sus últimos días después de una vida dedicada al vicio en Bedlam, encadenado en una diminuta celda mientras dos elegantes visitantes se inclinan sobre él como quien mira a una bestia curiosa. Probablemente los residentes de Bedlam parecían más agitados y más ´locos´ que los pacientes de hoy”.

En Occidente, en general, debimos esperar hasta el siglo diecinueve para que los pacientes dejasen de ser exhibidos y tratados como animales. También hasta entonces se recluyó a personas que nada tenían de locos, como el “degenerado” de Bedlam, castigado a morir en el manicomio por quizá qué oscuros motivos. Pero el zoológico también es similar al manicomio por los horribles efectos que tiene sobre la salud mental y la integridad psíquica de los animales. Según Ellenberger los pacientes o residentes de centros de confinamiento prolongado, como cárceles, campos de concentración, sanatorios y hospitales psiquiátricos, presentan síntomas psico-patológicos comunes. También los animales de zoológico presentan esos síntomas.

Uno de ellos es el trauma del cautiverio. La captura del animal es normalmente precedida  por una larga persecución durante la cual puede morir de infarto, por el mero terror del acoso. El cambio repentino, violento y forzado de modo de vida es el principal factor detrás del trauma del cautiverio.7 El animal es extraído violentamente de su entorno natural y social habitual, su familia o grupo en buena parte de los casos destruido y debe integrarse en un sistema que regula hasta los más pequeños detalles, dirigido por sus enemigos mortales (los hombres), a los que no puede atacar. Tampoco puede huir.  Durante este periodo, descrito por Hediger, en Ellenberger, pueden ocurrir tres cosas: los animales pueden sufrir ataques de ansiedad o agitación, a veces muy violentos, que resultan a menudo en lesiones graves, incluyendo la muerte; pueden entrar en un estado prolongado de estupor; y pueden iniciar una suerte de huelga de hambre, que puede terminar con su muerte si no se los alimenta forzosamente. El llamado periodo de acondicionamiento puede convertirse en una tragedia.

El segundo síntoma implica al proceso de asentamiento, que consiste en lo esencial en la fase de reconocimiento y definición de su territorio. El animal es, por lo general, encerrado solo. Con el tiempo se convertirá en un individuo pasivo, tímido, sumiso. A partir de ese momento, debe integrarse en un entorno que desconoce completamente, con animales extraños que nunca vio antes y sometido a rituales arbitrarios que desconoce. Tratándose de un nuevo integrante en el grupo social que lo precede en el zoológico, es muy probable que sea incorporado como el miembro de más bajo rango del grupo, lo que no augura una integración fluida, pues será objeto de todo tipo de agresiones y frustraciones. “Entre los mandriles de la selva”, escribe Ellenberger, “el animal de más bajo rango se moverá en la periferia del grupo, ocultándose detrás de los árboles para evitar al alfa. Pero en el restringido espacio de la jaula de los monos, donde no se puede ocultar en ninguna parte, comerá menos, será atormentado, mordido, e incluso matado. Su situación es comparable con la de un hombre
honorable encarcelado junto con endurecidos delincuentes”.
En los zoológicos la estructura de rango social que surge de la convivencia de los residentes y las reglas de los guardas es muy similar a las estructuras jerárquicas de las instituciones psiquiátricas. Las dos conocen la tiranía del jefe, la agresión permanente contra el miembro más débil, el trato cruel a los que resisten. A estas frustraciones del animal recién capturado deben agregarse las que son creadas por el público y los guardas. La mera, ´inocente´ exhibición en una jaula puede ser una experiencia traumática, cuando te sabes observado por, y a merced de decenas de enemigos.
El resultado son casos graves de deterioro emocional. Entre sus síntomas se incluyen “severas crisis de ansiedad, repentinos y violentos estallidos contra los guardas u otros miembros de su especie, y ataques de autodestrucción”. Entre estos últimos el autor cuenta los movimientos repetitivos que ejecutan algunos animales: “¿Quién no ha visto en el zoo a un oso agachando la cabeza una y otra vez, o apoyándose en un pie, moviéndose de derecha a izquierda,  o a un tigre moviéndose en círculos en su jaula, o a una hiena haciendo la figura del ocho?” Son todas conocidas reacciones psicopatológicas ante el cautiverio. También el consumo de excrementos es un síntoma patológico, una reacción desconocida en su hábitat natural y que parece confinarse a reacciones ante algunas formas de cautiverio. Se cree que esta conducta aberrante es producto de dietas desequilibradas. Pero también son reacciones ante el aburrimiento y la falta de actividad.
En otras palabras, el zoológico es una máquina de demencia, ansiedad, terror. Esta mera constatación debería marcar su absoluta falta de justificación. Asombra en realidad que exista todavía, conocidos los nefastos efectos sobre la salud mental de los animales, y los menos conocidos efectos sobre la salud mental de los humanos. ¿Consideramos de verdad fundamental criar y educar a los humanos en una sociedad que contempla como normal la esclavitud animal? ¿Vale la pena crecer y vivir en una sociedad que somete a violentos malos tratos y torturas a los animales, que encuentra  normal encerrarlos de por vida para divertirnos y criarlos para matarlos y mutilarlos y exhibir para la venta sus trozos sanguinolentos en las carnicerías? Muchos creemos que estos violentos espectáculos son nocivos para la condición humana, pues nos convierten en seres monstruosos e insensibles, prisioneros de nuestra pequeñez y gula, incapaces de emocionarnos e indiferentes ante la indecible crueldad con que tratamos a los animales.

5
¿Hay futuro para el zoológico? Después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, tras anunciarse el fin del zoológico, se ha desarrollado el parque natural como una de las nuevas formas asumidas por este, en la que en vastas extensiones de terreno se intenta reproducir el entorno natural de los animales capturados, donde pueden vivir con más espacio y menos restricciones y una intervención humana menos apremiante. Pero obviamente el parque natural no existe sin la captura previa de los animales, que son así extraídos violentamente de sus entornos naturales y sociales para obligarlos a vivir en tierras extrañas.
Donde el zoológico debe encontrar su nueva función en el futuro es en el campo del rescate y rehabilitación animal. Muchos zoológicos hoy en día incluyen labores relacionadas con la protección de especies en peligro de extinción y con la rehabilitación de animales enfermos o heridos, para devolverlos a su entorno natural. Existen hoy en día instituciones dedicadas exclusivamente al rescate animal, que fueron previamente zoológicos.
“A este respecto”, escribe Ellenberger, “intriga que el desarrollo más reciente del jardín zoológico parece marcar un retorno hacia el concepto del antiguo paradeisos. Varios de los nuevos parques zoológicos comprenden enormes extensiones donde animales de diferentes especies deambulan libremente, mientras los visitantes se movilizan en coches que siguen rutas marcadas previamente. Mannteufel informa sobre nuevas técnicas de acondicionamiento que permiten que animales de especies rivales puedan vivir en paz si han sido criados juntos. ¿Presenciaremos algún día el renacimiento del paraíso persa, y producirá ese renacimiento un nuevo sistema ético?”

Ese nuevo sistema ético sólo puede surgir en tu corazón, cuando finalmente te das cuenta de lo infame e injustificado que es el cautiverio animal, sea que se trate de encerrar a canarios en jaulas para disfrutar de sus trinos, de mantener en corrales y en galpones industriales a animales que mataremos despiadadamente para apoderarnos de su piel, de sus huesos o de su carne o encarcelarlos en zoológicos para divertirnos, someterlos a espantosas torturas para satisfacer nuestra gula, como en el caso del ganso y de los osos que producen bilis, matarlos y embalsamarlos para adornar nuestras bibliotecas, abrirlos vivos en la mesa de operaciones para ilustración de médicos en formación o machacarlos para convertirlos en alimentos para mascotas. Eliminaremos el zoológico y otras formas de encierro cuando nosotros mismos nos liberemos de nuestras prisiones y empecemos a rechazar una cultura que pregona la esclavitud y la tortura como bienes superiores. Primero tienes que romper los barrotes que te impiden sentir piedad por el destino que damos a los animales.

El zoológico es una cárcel, un campo de concentración y un manicomio, todo a la vez, sin ninguna justificación razonable. La esclavitud y explotación animales son actos de indecible crueldad y arbitrariedad, sin justificación alguna, y nos convierten en insensibles y sanguinarios monstruos, ávidos de muerte. Por todo eso, debemos abolir el zoológico.

Notas
1. Los zoológicos chilenos compiten en la adquisición de nuevos ejemplares exóticos con tanta inocencia como impunidad. El de Quilpué ha adquirido en los últimos años gacelas, tigres blancos y yacarés.

2. En muchas tribus del mundo existe la prohibición de dar muerte a las crías animales que son cogidas durante expediciones de caza. Las familias de los cazadores deben criarlas como a hijos propios (incluyendo el darles teta), y su consumo es tabú.

3. En el mundo humano pueden ocurrir procesos en todo similares. Durante la última dictadura argentina, los militares hacían parir a las detenidas embarazadas, las asesinaban y se apropiaban de sus hijos para entregarlos o venderlos a parejas militares sin hijos. Las Abuelas de Plaza de Mayo han recuperado algo más de cien nietos, de los quinientos que se supone viven en familias que suponen suyas.

4. “The Mental Hospital and the Zoological Garden”, Henri F. Ellenberger. En (eds) Joseph & Barrie Klaits, ‘Animals and Man in Historial Perspective’, pp. 59-92). Todas las citas de Ellenberguer provienen de esta fuente.

5. Como el león del zoológico privado del paramilitar colombiano conocido como el Macaco. Según confesó el paramilitar Carlos Tijeras, usaron serpientes venenosas para matar a sus víctimas sin despertar sospechas. Algunos secuestrados eran arrojados, vivos o muertos, a cocodrilos. Un paramilitar alimentaba a su caimán con seres humanos. También se cree que en el zoológico privado del dictador Somoza sus enemigos políticos eran la comida de sus felinos salvajes.

6. Recientemente el gobierno chino emitió nuevas directrices para los zoológicos, prohibiendo los espectáculos con animales. En algunos zoológicos chinos persiste la costumbre de servir animales exóticos en sus cantinas y otros productos derivados de la piel o huesos de los animales en cautiverio, que son frecuentemente descolmillados y desuñados. En 1983 el Zoológico de Detroit prohibía definitivamente los espectáculos animales en su propiedad. La costumbre de anunciar las horas de alimentación o apareamiento sigue siendo una práctica extendida. En el siglo dieciocho en Europa, se podía asistir al zoológico a la hora de la alimentación, pagando la entrada en dinero o llevando un gato o perro para alimentar a los leones. A los mismos animales en China los visitantes pueden arrojar vacas, pollos, cabras y cerdos vivos “para entretener a los visitantes” (misma fuente).

7. “Algunos críticos dicen que los animales que viven en zoológicos son tratados como objetos para ser vistos antes que como seres vivientes, y a menudo enloquecen en la transición de la libertad al cautiverio y la dependencia de los humanos para su supervivencia”. “Son cárceles”, dijo el ex torero colombiano Álvaro Múnera. “y los zoológicos, entre ellos el Santa Fe, que es el que tiene más cerca. “Los animales allí están embalsamados en vida”.

Miren los videos en este blog.

Fotos

1. Girafa. Viene de J-Walk Blog.

2. Tigres. Viene de educamadrid.

3. Oso. Viene del blog Colores y Grises.

4. Chimpancé. Viene del blog animales do mundo.

5. Familia en el zoológico. Viene del blog ambientebiotabolivia.

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cc mérici


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